HOLYOKE ― A red‑tailed hawk sat shaking in the bed of Tom Ricardi’s pickup last Sunday, disoriented and unable to fly. By Monday, it was dead. One more bird that Ricardi, a retired Massachusetts ...

Functional response describes the relationship between prey density and the rate at which a predator consumes prey, forming a key concept in understanding predator–prey interactions. It encompasses ...

Mathematical modelling has long provided critical insights into the complex interactions between predators and their prey. Traditional approaches, such as the Lotka–Volterra model, lay the foundation ...