Over the last decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has been largely built around large language models (LLMs). These systems are based on a language and guess words in a chain in the form of tokens.

For decades, intelligence was measured by the famous IQ, the intelligence quotient that summarizes in a single number our ability to solve logical problems or use language accurately. While the IQ ...

Logical Systems and Model Theory constitute a foundational area bridging mathematics, computer science and philosophy through the formalisation of reasoning. By abstracting the essential components of ...