Ambiguity and its cousins, contradiction and paradox, are everywhere in mathematics, both in content and thinking. Strangely, the subject that appears to be the very paradigm of reason, and that is ...

Stephen has degrees in science (Physics major) and arts (English Literature and the History and Philosophy of Science), as well as a Graduate Diploma in Science Communication. Stephen has degrees in ...

Editor’s Note: Published in 1957, this article comes from Martin Gardner’s legendary Scientific American column Mathematical Games. Read more in our special digital issue, Fun and Games. A paradox is ...

We reflect on lessons that the lottery and preface paradoxes provide for the logic of uncertain inference. One of these lessons is the unreliability of the rule of conjunction of conclusions in such ...

Humans are usually pretty good at recognising when they get things wrong, but artificial intelligence systems are not. According to a new study, AI generally suffers from inherent limitations due to a ...

Vol. 181, No. 2, THE 37TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXACT PHILOSOPHY (SEP 09) (July 2011), pp. 185-208 (24 pages) There are three distinct questions associated with Simpson's paradox, (i) Why ...