Assessing student learning effectively is often complicated by relying on ambiguous proxies such as grades, quiz scores, or assumptions about students' internal states, such as what they feel, think, ...

Psychology: Since psychology uses the scientific method to methodically examine the observable behaviors and responses of both humans and animals, it is essentially recognized as the study of behavior ...

Operationally define challenging behaviors. Challenging behaviors should be defined in terms that are specific, observable, and measureable (i.e., one can see and count the behaviors). Be specific ...