Computers need programming languages to function. That’s just a simple fact of life. However, these languages didn’t just spring up out of nowhere. They were developed by people for explicit ...

Research conclusions could inform the design of new programming languages, coding environments and coding styles, and improve understanding of the role of programming and software in science.

Art Programming Language Design as Art Open-ended, community based, and collaborative, “esolangs” serve as a reminder that digital art has other histories and other futures.