Understanding smart materials is vital for advancing adaptable technologies, forming the foundation for breakthroughs in robotics, automation, and biomedical devices. This area of study explores the ...

Early smart materials were typically amorphous polymers, hydrogels, or liquid crystalline systems with randomly distributed responsive groups, which limited response speed, energy efficiency, and the ...

Smart or intelligent materials possess unique capabilities, such as self-adaptability, memory, self-sensing, and multi-functionality, making them attractive across many industries, including aerospace ...